Factors associated with voice-related quality of life among patients with temporomandibular disorders

Abstract Research would be important for obtaining a better understanding of voice complaints among patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Objective The identification of predictors of voice disorders associated with TMD pain was made according to Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) Axis I. Methodology Functional limitations were measured using the Jaw Functional Limitation Scales for mastication (JFLS-M), jaw mobility (JFLS-JM), and verbal and emotional expression (JFLS-VEE). Patients also completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The primary outcome was social-emotional and physical functioning as indicated by scores on the Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL) questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was used to model the relationship between the domains on the V-RQOL questionnaire and scores on the HADS and JFLS after adjusting for age, gender, DC/TMD diagnosis, pain intensity, and time since pain onset. Results The HADS-D (B=-1.15; 95% CI, -1.718 to -0.587; p<.001) and JFLS-VEE (B=-0.22; 95% CI, -0.40 to -0.06; p=.008) were significant predictors of scores on the V-RQOL questionnaire. Conclusion Higher scores on depression measures and limitations in verbal and emotional expression could exacerbate voice problems among TMD pain patients. Future research should promote multidisciplinary treatments for TMD pain-related voice disorders.

Characterization of Salivary Gland Pain: A Review of the Literature / Caracterización del Dolor de Glándulas Salivales: Revisión de la Literatura

SUMMARY: The salivary glands in pathological conditions produce countless different clinical presentations, and due to their complex neuroanatomy, their pain symptoms vary widely. However, in the literature to date, few studies characterize salivary gland pain. The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review concerning the clinical characteristics of pain in various salivary gland pathologies. A literature review was done through a systematic search of scientific articles in the Web of Science (WoS), MEDLINE, Scopus, and Elton B. Stephens Company (EBSCO) databases. The free terms "salivary gland", "parotid gland", "submaxillary gland", "sublingual gland", and "pain" were used along with the Boolean operators OR and AND. The search yielded a total of 1896 articles, of which 60 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were ultimately included in this review. It is described that pain is a nonspecific symptom of a glandular pathology and is characterized mainly by the location of the pain, which is correlated with the anatomical location of the affected salivary gland. Among the painful salivary gland pathologies, we found inflammatory disorders, including infections, obstructions, disorders secondary to hyposalivation; systemic autoimmune diseases; neoplasms, and neuropathic pain disorders. The diagnosis and management of salivary gland pain require knowledge of the causes and mechanisms of the pain, and it is to recognize the signs and symptoms of salivary gland disorders to be able to diagnose and treat them.

Las glándulas salivales en condiciones patológicas producen un sinfín de presentaciones clínicas diferentes, y debido a su compleja neuroanatomía generan variaciones en su sintomatología dolorosa. Sin embargo, en la literatura hasta ahora son escasos los estudios que caracterizan el dolor de glándulas salivales. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión de la literatura respecto a las características clínicas del dolor en diversas patologías de glándulas salivales. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, a través de la búsqueda sistemática de artículos científicos en las bases de datos Web of Science (WoS), MEDLINE, Scopus y Elton B. Stephens Company (EBSCO). A través de los términos libres: "salivary gland", "parotid gland", "submaxillary gland", "sublingual gland", "pain", junto con los operadores booleanos OR y AND. La búsqueda arrojó un total de 1896 artículos, de los cuales 60 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y fueron finalmente incluidos en esta revisión. Se describe que el dolor es un síntoma poco específico para la patología glandular y está caracterizado principalmente por la localización del dolor, el cual se correlaciona con la ubicación anatómica de la glándula salival afectada. Dentro de las patologías dolorosas de glándulas salivales encontramos los trastornos inflamatorios, incluidas infecciones, obstrucciones, trastornos secundarios a hiposalivación; enfermedades sistémicas autoinmunes; neoplasias y trastornos de dolor neuropático. El diagnóstico y manejo del dolor de glándulas salivales requiere del conocimiento de las causas y mecanismos del dolor, siendo necesario reconocer los signos y síntomas de los trastornos de glándulas salivales para ser capaces de diagnosticarlos y tratarlos.

Manejo das disfunções temporomandibulares. Parte I: tratamento conservador / Management of temporomandibular joint disorders. Part I: conservative treatment

Objetivo: Apresentar as modalidades de tratamentos conservadoras e minimamente invasivas mais usadas disponíveis no arsenal terapêutico das desordens temporomandibulares (DTM). Revisão da literatura: Os objetivos do tratamento invariavelmente incluem redução da dor, diminuição das atividades parafuncionais e restauração da função. Dentre as alternativas conservadoras e minimamente invasivas, podemos citar os dispositivos interoclusais, exercícios terapêuticos, eletrofototermoterapia, agulhamento seco e infiltração de anestésicos locais em pontos gatilho, injeção de sangue autógeno para controle da luxação mandibular, terapia cognitivo comportamental, toxina botulínica, viscossuplementação, controle farmacológico da dor aguda e crônica. As DTMs afetam uma proporção significativa da população. Somente após o fracasso das opções não invasivas é que devem ser iniciados tratamentos mais invasivos e irreversíveis. No entanto, algumas condições, como a anquilose e neoplasias, por exemplo, são essencialmente tratadas cirurgicamente e tentativas de tratamentos conservadores podem trazer piora na qualidade de vida ou risco de morte. Considerações finais: Uma abordagem de equipe multidisciplinar para o manejo é essencial no cuidado fundamental de todos os pacientes com DTM, para que o tratamento possa ser especificamente adaptado às necessidades individuais do paciente.

Aim: To present the most widely used conservative and minimally invasive treatment modalities available in the therapeutic arsenal for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Literature review: Treatment goals invariably include pain reduction, reduction of parafunctional activities and restoration of function. Among the conservative and minimally invasive alternatives, we can mention interocclusal devices, therapeutic exercises, electrophototherapy, dry needling and infiltration of local anesthetics in trigger points, autogenous blood injection to control mandibular dislocation, cognitive behavioral therapy, botulinum toxin, viscosupplementation, pharmacological control of acute and chronic pain. TMD affects a considerable proportion of the population. Only after non-invasive options have failed should more invasive and irreversible treatments be initiated. However, some conditions, such as ankylosis and neoplasms, for example, are treated surgically and attempts at conservative treatments can lead to worsening quality of life or risk of death. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary team approach to management is essential in the fundamental care of all TMD patients, so that treatment can be specifically tailored to the patient's individual needs.

Manejo das disfunções temporomandibulares. Parte II: tratamento cirúrgico / Management of temporomandibular joint disorders. Part II: surgical treatment

Objetivo: Apresentar as modalidades de tratamentos cirúrgicas mais usadas disponíveis no arsenal terapêutico das desordens temporomandibulares (DTMs). Revisão da literatura: As DTMs são muito frequentes e são responsáveis ​​por dor e desconforto em um número importante de pacientes. A avaliação e o diagnóstico são as chaves para determinar um plano de manejo adequado dessas doenças. Embora o tratamento conservador seja bem-sucedido na maioria dos pacientes, os tratamentos cirúrgicos podem ser a única opção para aqueles que não respondem ao tratamento conservador ou para casos com indicação cirúrgica inicial como, por exemplo, algumas neoplasias articulares. Dentre as alternativas cirúrgicas, podemos citar a artrocentese, artroscopia, reposicionamento do disco articular por cirurgia aberta, discectomia e tratamentos cirúrgicos para hipermobilidade e anquilose da articulação temporomandibular. Considerações finais: A seleção adequada dos casos é requisito obrigatório para uma intervenção cirúrgica bem-sucedida, a fim de alcançar o resultado desejado do tratamento, como alívio dos sintomas e melhora da função.

Aim: To present the most commonly used surgical treatment modalities available in the therapeutic arsenal for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Literature review: TMD is very common and is responsible for pain and dysfunction in a significant number of patients. Assessment and diagnosis are key to determining a management plan for these diseases. Although conservative treatment is successful in most patients, surgical treatments may be the only option for those who do not respond to conservative treatment or for some cases with an initial surgical indication, such as some joint neoplasms. Surgical alternatives include arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, repositioning of the articular disc by open surgery, discectomy and surgical treatments for temporomandibular joint hypermobility and ankylosis. Conclusions: Proper case selection is the mandatory requirement for successful surgical intervention in order to achieve the desired treatment outcome, such as symptom relief and improved function.

The knowledge of prescription and the pharmacological role in temporomandibular disorders for dental surgeons: literature review / O conhecimento da prescrição e o papel farmacológico em disfunção temporomandibular para os cirurgiões-dentistas: revisão de literatura

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is an anatomical-functional disorder that affects the muscles of chewing, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) or both structures. It is one of the most common orofacial pain of non-dental origin with a prevalence of 5% to 7% of the population, being considered a public's health problem. The main symptom of TMD is pain and, when chronic, it affects the quality of life. The drug classes that are commonly used in this condition are antidepressants, anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants that modulate symptomatology in these subjects. The aim of this study was to review the literature about main drugs used to control TMD, its mechanisms of action and effectiveness as well as the possible causes of TMD. CONTENTS: Literature was searched in the following databases: Pubmed, Scielo and Lilacs with a time sample from 2010 to 2021. As inclusion parameter, were selected literatures review and systematic articles, randomized clinical cases, placebo-controlled and double-blind studies with the TMD theme, considering pharmacological treatments aspects. As exclusion parameter, articles in which the outcome was not the TMD, congress abstracts and personal opinions were rejected. After the articles' selection, reading of titles and abstracts, 09 articles were selected, consisting of reviews and clinical studies relevant to the subject. CONCLUSION: The pharmacological approach has demonstrated its positive effects in the management of TMD-related chronic pain, with more effective results when associated with other therapies, due to its multifactorial characteristic.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) é uma desordem anátomo-funcional que afeta os músculos da mastigação, da articulação temporomandibular (ATM) ou ambas as estruturas. E uma das dores orofaciais mais comuns de origem não dentária, com prevalência de 5% a 7% da população, sendo considerada um problema de saúde pública. O principal sintoma da DTM é a dor que, quando crônica, afeta a qualidade de vida. As classes de fármacos mais comumente empregadas nessa condição são os antidepressivos, anticonvulsivantes e relaxantes musculares, que modulam os sintomas nesses pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura acerca dos principais fármacos utilizados no controle da DTM, seus mecanismos de ação e eficácia, bem como as suas possíveis causas. CONTEÚDO: Buscou-se na literatura artigos científicos nas bases de dados: Pubmed, Scielo e Lilacs, com a amostra temporal de 2010 a 2021. Como parâmetro de inclusão, foram selecionados artigos de revisão de literatura e sistemática, casos clínicos randomizados, estudos placebo-controlados e estudos duplo-cegos com a temática DTM, considerando aspectos do tratamento farmacológico. Como parâmetro de exclusão, artigos em que o desfecho não era a DTM, resumos em congressos e opiniões pessoais foram rejeitados. Após a seleção dos artigos, leitura de títulos e resumos, 9 artigos foram selecionados, consistindo em revisões e estudos clínicos pertinentes ao assunto. CONCLUSÃO: A abordagem farmacológica demonstrou efeitos positivos no manejo da dor crônica em DTM, tendo resultados mais eficazes quando associada a outras terapias, em virtude de sua característica multifatorial.

Research progress on AMPARs involved in regulating orofacial pain / 口腔疾病防治

@#The incidence of orofacial pain is high, and its pathological mechanism is complex. Currently, there is a lack of long-lasting and effective clinical treatment drugs, resulting in a major economic burden to patients and society. Therefore, it is important to develop more durable and effective drugs for treatment. In recent years, substantial evidence has shown that α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) play a vital role in somatic and orofacial pain. Among them, subunit phosphorylation regulated by protein kinases and interactions with partner proteins promote the activation and trafficking of AMPARs and signal transduction to regulate the expression of AMPARs. The increase of GluA1-containing AMPARs promotes calcium ion influx, further activating protein kinases and auxiliary proteins, which forms a self-feedback loop. This is an important mechanism that promotes chronic pain. The expression of AMPARs in the trigeminal nervous system and the spinal cord nervous system overlaps, and the above mechanism may also participate in regulating orofacial pain. However, research on AMPARs in orofacial neuropathic pain or cancer-related pain is relatively insufficient, and more in-depth research is needed in the future. Furthermore, there is a lack of clinical evidence for AMPAR antagonists to treat pain. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of the activation and trafficking of AMPARs and precisely intervening in the activation and trafficking of AMPARs may provide effective strategies for the development of new analgesics and offer new insights for treating orofacial pain.

Impacto da pandemia de Covid-19 sobre os aspectos psicológicos e a sua relação com as disfunções temporomandibulares / Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on psychological aspects and its relation with temporomandibular disorders / Impacto de la pandemia de Covid-19 en aspectos psicológicos y su relación con los trastornos temporomandibulares

Introdução: As Disfunções temporomandibulares foram definidas pela American Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP) como um conjunto de condições clínicas dolorosas e/ou disfuncionais relacionadas aos músculos da mastigação, às articulações temporomandibulares e estruturas associadas. A DTM apresenta etiologia multifatorial, atualmente o modelo biopsicossocial tem enfatizado a importância dos fatores psicológicos como ansiedade, estresse e depressão, na etiologia da DTM. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 nos aspectos psicológicos e sua relação com a Disfunção Temporomandibular. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, foram consultadas as bases de dados eletrônicas LILACS, Pubmed, SCIELO e SCOPUS. Resultados e Discussão: A pandemia de COVID-19 causou sofrimento significativo a bilhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, refletindo em respostas psicossociais, principalmente estresse, ansiedade e depressão. Diversos estudos têm demonstrado uma associação entre as alterações psicológicas causadas pela pandemia por COVID-19 e sua relação com a DTM, resultando no aumento da incidência dessas desordens e no agravamento de condições preexistentes. Conclusão: A pandemia por COVID-19 elevou os níveis de estresse, ansiedade e depressão, o que contribuiu diretamente para o aumento da incidência e a severidade dos sintomas de DTM.

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders were defined by the American Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP) as a set of painful and/or dysfunctional clinical conditions related to masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joints and associated structures. TMD has a multifactorial etiology, currently the biopsychosocial model has emphasized the importance of psychological factors such as anxiety, stress and depression in the etiology of TMD. Objective: The present study aims to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological aspects and their relationship with Temporomandibular Disorders. Methodology: This is an integrative literature review, the LILACS, Pubmed, SCIELO and SCOPUS electronic databases were consulted. Results and Discussion: The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant suffering to billions of people around the world, reflecting in psychosocial responses, mainly stress, anxiety and depression. Several studies have demonstrated an association between the psychological alterations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and their relationship with TMD, resulting in an increased incidence of these disorders and the worsening of preexisting conditions. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic raised levels of stress, anxiety and depression, which directly contributed to the increased incidence and severity of TMD symptoms.

Introducción: Los trastornos temporomandibulares fueron definidos por la Academia Americana de Dolor Orofacial (AAOP) como un conjunto de condiciones clínicas dolorosas y/o disfuncionales relacionadas con los músculos masticatorios, articulaciones temporomandibulares y estructuras asociadas. Los TTM tienen una etiología multifactorial, actualmente el modelo biopsicosocial ha enfatizado la importancia de factores psicológicos como la ansiedad, el estrés y la depresión en la etiología de los TTM. Objetivo: El presente estudio pretende describir el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en los aspectos psicológicos y su relación con los Trastornos Temporomandibulares. Metodología: Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica integradora, se consultaron las bases de datos electrónicas LILACS, Pubmed, SCIELO y SCOPUS. Resultados y Discusión: La pandemia de COVID-19 causó sufrimiento significativo a miles de millones de personas en todo el mundo, reflejándose en respuestas psicosociales, principalmente estrés, ansiedad y depresión. Varios estudios han demostrado una asociación entre las alteraciones psicológicas causadas por la pandemia de COVID-19 y su relación con los TTM, resultando en un aumento de la incidencia de estos trastornos y el empeoramiento de las condiciones preexistentes. Conclusiones: La pandemia de COVID-19 elevó los niveles de estrés, ansiedad y depresión, lo que contribuyó directamente al aumento de la incidencia y gravedad de los síntomas de los TTM.

Test-retest reliability of the isometric contraction test (IC test) of the masticatory muscles in subjects with and without temporomandibular muscle disorders

Abstract Recently, the DC/TMD has become an essential tool for the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). However, as they fail to include functional activities, new assessment proposals have emerged, such as the isometric contraction test (IC test) of the masticatory muscles, which uses muscle contractions to identify muscular TMD. Objective This study aimed to determine the test-retest reliability of the IC test. Methods A total of 64 participants (40 women and 24 men) completed the IC test administered by two different physical therapists on two non-consecutive days. Cohen's kappa (k), PABAK, and percent agreement (PA) between days were estimated. Results The IC test showed good to excellent test-retest reliability values (k>0.77; PABAK>0.90), both globally and individually for the muscles evaluated, and PA>90%, therefore above the thresholds for clinical applicability. However, the global assessment of myofascial pain and the evaluation of the medial pterygoid muscle showed slightly lower reliability values. Conclusion The IC test is reliable for the assessment of subjects with muscular TMD, both in terms of the global assessment and the evaluation of each muscle, which supports its clinical applicability. Care should be taken when assessing myofascial pain globally and when evaluating the medial pterygoid in all types of pain.

The endocannabinoid system and orofacial pains: updates and perspectives / O sistema endocanabinoide e as dores orofaciais: atualidades e perspectivas

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Since the relatively recent discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and its fundamental role in regulating other systems, the subject has aroused interest in all areas of health, including Dentistry. Among the possible uses and benefits of cannabinoids are their performance in pain and its predisposing or perpetuating factors, such as bruxism and sleep disorders. Although the literature is still scarce, the mechanisms of action and satisfactory results of cannabinoids and other cannabis derivatives in these situations already allow their safe prescription. The objective of this study was to verify the current evidence on the use of cannabis derivatives in orofacial pain (OFP), reviewing what is known, to date, about the ECS and the prospects for its use with support and criteria. CONTENTS: This research carried out a brief review of the cannabis plant history, addressing issues such as prejudice, prohibitions and interests, as well as its therapeutic use. Then, a review on ECS and its mechanisms of interest in OFP was presented. Next, the products derived from the plant and their effects, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, drug interactions, peculiarities and perspectives were discussed. CONCLUSION: The more knowledge is gained about the ECS and the therapeutic benefits of cannabis components and derivatives, the greater the conviction that a new therapeutic frontier has indeed emerged. The growing number of good outcomes, including cases of OFP, obtained through well-conducted studies, brings a mixture of satisfaction and excitement. No therapy will achieve good results if it does not start from an accurate diagnosis. Thus, it is of the utmost importance to know the ECS, the products and derivatives of the plant, the synthetic cannabinoids, their indications and effects. New studies are necessary and, at this moment, it can be said that the perspectives are very good and a new and challenging horizon is emerging.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Desde a descoberta relativamente recente do sistema endocanabinoide (SEC) e seu papel fundamental da regulação de outros sistemas, o assunto tem despertado interesse de todas as áreas da saúde, incluindo-se a Odontologia. Dentre as possíveis utilizações e benefícios dos canabinoides, está sua atuação na dor e seus fatores predisponentes ou perpetuadores, como o bruxismo e os distúrbios do sono. Embora a literatura seja ainda escassa, os mecanismos de ação e resultados satisfatórios dos canabinoides e demais derivados da cannabis nessas situações já permitem sua prescrição com segurança. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as atuais evidências sobre a utilização de derivados da cannabis nas dores orofaciais (DOFs), revisando o que se sabe, até o momento, sobre o SEC e as perspectivas de sua utilização com respaldo e critério. CONTEÚDO: Esta pesquisa realizou uma breve revisão da história da planta cannabis, abordando temas como preconceito, proibições e interesses, além de sua utilização terapêutica. Em seguida, foi apresentada uma revisão sobre o SEC e seus mecanismos de interesse na DOF. Na sequência, foram discutidos os produtos derivados da planta e seus efeitos, indicações, contraindicações, efeitos adversos, interações farmacológicas, peculiaridades e perspectivas. CONCLUSÃO: Quanto mais são adquiridos conhecimentos sobre o SEC e os benefícios terapêuticos dos componentes e derivados da cannabis, mais há um convencimento de que surgiu, de fato, uma nova fronteira terapêutica. O número crescente de bons desfechos, incluindo casos de DOF, obtidos através de estudos bem conduzidos, traz um misto de satisfação e empolgação. Nenhuma terapia obterá bons resultados se não partir de um diagnóstico preciso. Assim, é de suma importância que se conheça o SEC, os produtos e derivados da planta, os canabinoides sintéticos, suas indicações e efeitos. Novos estudos são necessários e, nesse momento, pode-se afirmar que as perspectivas são muito boas e um novo e desafiador horizonte está despontando.

Fibromialgia e disfunção temporomandibular: uma revisão de escopo / Fibromyalgia and temporomandibular disorder: a scoping review

A fibromialgia é uma síndrome complexa com alterações nociplásticas, caracterizadas por hiperalgesia e alodinia, frequentemente acompanhada pela presença de dor orofacial. Estudos têm demonstrado alta prevalência de disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) em pacientes fibromiálgicos, como fator etiológico ou agravante. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura foi identificar os mecanismos modulatórios comuns à fibromialgia e à DTM, e identificar diferentes modalidades de tratamento para os pacientes fibromiálgicos. Foram utilizados 69 artigos dos últimos 5 anos, além de 4 artigos conceituais anteriores a este período. Identificou-se que os principais fármacos utilizados para os sintomas de fibromialgia são pregabalina, amitriptilina, antidepressivos duais, tramadol, baixas doses de naltrexona e canabinoides. A associação de fármacos pode ser útil para aumentar a eficácia do tratamento e reduzir as doses dos mesmos. Por outro lado, novas terapias não farmacológicas, como as técnicas modulatórias não-invasivas, surgem como opções promissoras, promovendo alterações neuroplásticas importantes no tratamento. Conclusão: Há diversas opções terapêuticas farmacológicas e não-farmacológicas disponíveis no tratamento do paciente fibromiálgico para o especialista em DTM. Portanto, a combinação de diferentes abordagens pode auxiliar na obtenção de um protocolo individualizado, adequado às necessidades do paciente.

Fibromyalgia is a complex syndrome with nociplastic changes, characterized by hyperalgesia and allodynia, often accompanied by the presence of orofacial pain. Studies have shown a high prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in fibromyalgia patients, as an etiological or aggravating factor. The aim of this review was to identify the modulatory mechanisms common to fibromyalgia and TMD, and to identify different treatment modalities for fibromyalgia patients. 69 articles from the last five years were included, in addition to 4 conceptual articles prior to this date. The main drugs used for fibromyalgia symptoms are pregabalin, amitriptyline, dual antidepressants, tramadol, low-dose naltrexone and cannabinoids. The combination of drugs may be useful in improving treatment efficacy and for reducing the drug's dose. On the other hand, new non-pharmacological therapies, such as non-invasive modulatory techniques, appear as promising options for treatment, promoting important neuroplastic alterations. Conclusion: Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic alternatives are available for specialists in TMD. Therefore, combining therapy approaches can help create individualized protocols that are more effective at meeting the demands of fibromyalgia patients.

Relationship between myofascial pain and facial types: an observational study / Relação entre dor miofascial e tipos faciais: um estudo observacional

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a term that covers a number of clinical problems involving the masticatory muscles, TMJ and all associated structures leading to signs and symptoms such as jaw pain, otalgia, headaches and limitation of function. In this context, TMD has been related to facial type and there are three distinct facial types (euryprosopic, mesoprosopic, and leptoprosopic). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between myofascial pain and facial types classified by the RDC/TMD Axis I. Material and Methods: this study was composed of 64 women aged between 12 and 49 years, using data obtained from two institutions. We used the anthropometric methodology, which meets the criteria of simplicity and reliability. We also applied the Brugsh Facial Index. The individuals were classified as euryprosopic (51.56%), mesoprosopic (12.50%) and leptoprosopic (35.94%), without statistical significance among the groups (p=0,3492). Results: there is no statistical difference between the age groups (p=0.2976) and no association between facial type and age range. Conclusion: this study found that there was a correlation between myofascial pain and facial types, with the predominance of euryprosopic faced women aged between 20 and 29 years when compared with other facial types and other age groups. (AU)

A Disfunção Temporomandibular é um termo que cobre uma série de problemas clínicos envolvendo os músculos mastigatórios, ATM e todas as estruturas associadas que levam a sinais e sintomas como dor na mandíbula, otalgia, dores de cabeça e limitação de função. Nesse contexto, a DTM tem sido relacionada ao tipo facial que são classificados em três tipos distintos (euryprosopo, mesoprosopo e leptoprosopo). Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a correlação entre a dor miofascial e os tipos faciais classificados pelo RDC/TMD Eixo I. Material e Métodos: este estudo foi composto por 64 mulheres com idade entre 12 e 49 anos, utilizando dados obtidos em duas instituições. Utilizou-se a metodologia antropométrica, que atende aos critérios de simplicidade e de confiabilidade. Também foi utilizado o Índice Facial de Brugsh. Os indivíduos foram classificados em euriprosopo (51,56%), mesoprosopo (12,50%) e leptoprosopo (35, 94%), sem significância estatística entre os grupos (p = 0,3492). Resultados: não houve diferença estatística entre as faixas etárias (p = 0,2976) e nenhuma associação entre tipo facial e faixa etária. Conclusão: este estudo constatou que houve correlação entre dor miofascial e tipos faciais, com predomínio de mulheres euriprosopo com idade entre 20 a 29 anos quando comparadas com outros tipos faciais e outras faixas etárias.(AU)

Bruxismo de la vigilia por autoreporte y factores asociados en estudiantes universitarios de educación física

El bruxismo es una actividad parafuncional de los músculos masticatorios con alta prevalencia en la población general. Asimismo, se ha descrito como un fenómeno frecuente en estudiantes universitarios de algunas disciplinas. En este sentido, el presente trabajo analizó la autopercepción y algunos factores asociados al bruxismo de la vigilia en estudiantes universitarios de educación física (ISEF-UdelaR). Se presenta un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, en una muestra de 178 jóvenes universitarios. Para la recolección de los datos se utilizó un cuestionario de autoreporte. El 67,9% de los participantes conocían el bruxismo y el 33% lo reportaron (el 21% y 13%, representado por mujeres y hombres respectivamente). Asimismo, seis de cada diez voluntarios que reportaron bruxismo también reportaron ansiedad y tres de cada diez voluntarios con reporte de bruxismo reportan estrés. En suma, el bruxismo "probable" de vigilia es altamente prevalente en estudiantes de educación física y el factor más asociado al bruxismo de la vigilia es la ansiedad.

O bruxismo é uma atividade parafuncional dos músculos mastigatórios com alta prevalencia na população em geral. Assim mesmo, vem sendo descrito como um fenômemo frequente em estudantes universitários de algumas disciplinas. Neste sentido, o trabalho atual analisou a autopercepção e alguns fatores associados ao bruxismo da vigília em estudantes universitários de educação física (ISEF-UdelaR). Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, com uma amostra de 178 jovens universitários. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário de auto-relato. Os 67,9% dos participantes conheciam o bruxismo e 33% lhe relataram (21% e 13% representado por mulheres e homens, respectivamente). Assim mesmo, seis de cada dez voluntários que relataram bruxismo, também relataram ansiedade e três dos dez voluntários que relataram bruxismo, relataram estresse. Então, o bruxismo "provável" da vigília é altamente prevalente em estudantes de educação física e o principal fator associado ao bruxismo da vigília seria a ansiedade.

Evaluación del conocimiento en dolor orofacial de los docentes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Finis Terrae / Evaluation of the orofacial pain knowledge of the Dental School professors of the University Finis Terrae

Introducción: El Dolor Orofacial (DOF) es una forma frecuente de dolor percibido en la cara y/o cavidad bucal. Puede ser causado por enfermedades o trastornos de las estructuras regionales, disfunción del sistema nervioso o por derivación de fuentes distantes." (International Association for the Study of Pain, s. f.) Esta condición presenta una alta prevalencia, y la literatura internacional demuestra una deficiencia en el conocimiento de los profesionales en DOF. Objetivo General: Determinar el conocimiento en Dolor Orofacial en los docentes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Finis Terrae en el año 2021. Material y Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con componente analítico, utilizando un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia de voluntarios, a quienes se les realizó una encuesta validada de la literatura científica que fue adaptada a la lengua española, evaluando parámetros sociodemográficos, percepción y conocimiento respecto al diagnóstico, signos y síntomas clínicos de afecciones de DOF. Resultados: Se pudo observar un conocimiento aceptable de los participantes, en donde el 60% respondió al menos cinco enunciados de forma correcta. Se concluyó que el conocimiento de los docentes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Finis Terrae fue superior a los registros encontrados en la literatura científica. Si bien este estudio cuenta con algunas limitaciones, permite entregar una base para próximas investigaciones, fomentando la instauración de cursos actualizados en DOF, otorgando un nuevo enfoque a la odontología, en donde se desarrollen profesionales integrales y capaces de diagnosticar, tratar o manejar estas condiciones.

Introduction: Orofacial pain (OFP) is a common form of perceived pain in the face and/or oral cavity. It may be caused by disease or disorders of regional structures, dysfunction of the nervous system, or by referral from distant sources."(International Association for the Study of Pain, s. f.) This condition presents a high prevalence, and the international literature demonstrates a deficiency in the knowledge of OFP professionals. General Objective: To determine the knowledge of Orofacial Pain in the teachers of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Finis Terrae University in the year 2021. Material and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study with an analytical component was carried out, using a non- probabilistic convenience sampling of volunteers, who were given a validated survey from the scientific literature that was adapted to the Spanish language, evaluating sociodemographic parameters, perception and knowledge regarding diagnosis, clinical signs and symptoms of OFP conditions. Results: It was possible to observe an acceptable knowledge of the participants, where 60% of them answered at least five statements correctly. It was concluded that the knowledge of the teachers of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Universidad Finis Terrae was superior to the records found in the scientific literature. Although this study has some limitations, it provides a basis for future research, encouraging the establishment of updated courses in OFP, providing a new approach to dentistry, in which comprehensive professionals capable of diagnosing, treating or managing these conditions are developed

Psychotherapy in the treatment of chronic refractory orofacial pain. Case reports / Psicoterapia no tratamento da dor orofacial crônica refratária. Relato de casos

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Psychological intervention can contribute to repairing the quality of life and altering behavior while dealing with chronic orofacial pain, especially those that can become refractory to treatments. Thus, the objective of this study was to present the narratives of three patients with refractory chronic neuropathic pain during the process of psychotherapeutic intervention and the follow-up results. CASE REPORTS: Pain behavior, pain perception and depressive and anxious symptoms were assessed. Patients were under treatment at the Orofacial Pain Clinic and the instruments used in the beginning and end of psychotherapy were the visual analog scale, Beck Inventories (anxiety and depression), Wisconsin Pain Inventory, McGill Pain Questionnaire and Pain Catastrophizing Scale. They attended weekly 50-minute sessions. Each narrative was qualitatively analyzed and the comparison between the evaluations made before and after psychotherapy was included in the context of a phenomenological approach. CONCLUSION: Emotional familiar conflicts and fear of pain crises were the most important aspects described by these patients. Case 1 presented the less cooperative profile and secondary gains. Despite of that, all cases presented improvement and psychotherapy helped to cope with their problems and pain. There was a remarkable impact on the life of patients as well as on their cooperation with pain treatments while helping the patients to build a proactive attitude and to understand their role in their condition.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A intervenção psicoterapêutica é uma ferramenta importante para melhorar a qualidade de vida de pacientes com dor orofacial crônica, especialmente aqueles que se tornam refratários aos tratamentos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar, na forma de narrativa, três casos de pacientes com dor facial refratária ao longo do processo de intervenção psicoterapêutica e os resultados obtidos. RELATO DOS CASOS: Observou-se o comportamento, a percepção da dor e sintomas ansiosos e depressivos. Os pacientes estavam sob tratamento na Equipe de Dor Orofacial e os instrumentos utilizados no início e no final da intervenção foram a escala visual analógica, os Inventários de Beck para Ansiedade e Depressão, o Inventário de Dor de Wisconsin, o Questionário de Dor McGill e a Escala de Catastrofização de Dor. Os pacientes foram atendidos semanalmente em sessões de 50 minutos. Cada narrativa foi analisada qualitativamente e a comparação entre as avaliações (antes e depois do tratamento) foi incluída em um contexto de abordagem fenomenológica. CONCLUSÃO: Conflitos familiares emocionais e medo das crises de dor foram os aspectos mais importantes descritos pelos pacientes. O caso 1 apresentou um perfil menos cooperador, embora todos tenham apresentado melhora em algum âmbito avaliado. A proposta psicoterapêutica os auxiliou no enfrentamento do sofrimento por conta de seus problemas e da dor. Houve um impacto notável na vida dos pacientes como em sua cooperação com os tratamentos, uma vez que aprender a lidar com seu sofrimento os conduziu a uma postura mais proativa através do entendimento de seus papéis no tratamento da condição dolorosa.

2020: Renewing the paradigms for orofacial pain / 2020: renovando los paradigmas para el dolor orofacial

Abstract In 2020, two important changes were adapted by the international health community: a new definition of pain and a new classification for orofacial pain conditions. With these changes new tasks and challenges also emerged, and clinicians from several disciplines begun to adopt and reconsidered classic paradigms, and the policies derived from them. This new perspective article, examine the new definition of pain proposed by the International Association for the Study of Pain, and the new International Classification of Orofacial Pain; analyzing the positive impact and further perspectives of these.

Resumen En 2020, dos importantes cambios fueron adaptados por la comunidad internacional en salud: una nueva definición de dolor y una nueva clasificación para las condiciones de dolor orofacial. Con estos cambios, también emergieron nuevos retos y tareas, y los clínicos de diversas disciplinas empezaron adaptar y reconsiderar los paradigmas clásicos; y las políticas derivadas de estos. En este artículo de nueva perspectiva, examinaremos nueva definición de dolor propuesta por la Asociación Internacional para el Estudio del Dolor, y la nueva Clasificación Internacional de Dolor Orofacial; analizando el impacto positivo y las próximas perspectivas de estos cambios.

Antinociceptive and anxiolytic-like effects of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil on rat models of orofacial pain

Abstract Nociceptive and inflammatory orofacial pain is highly prevalent in the population, which justifies the search for safer analgesics. There is increasing evidence of the analgesic and anxiolytic potential of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil (LAV EO), which may represent, when administered through inhalation, may represent a safer alternative for pain treatment. Objective to evaluate whether LAV EO has antinociceptive effect in the formalin test, and anti-hyperalgesic and anxiolytic-like effects in rats subjected to a model of orofacial postoperative pain. Methodology Female Wistar rats were exposed to LAV EO (5%) by inhalation for 30 minutes. After exposure, animals were injected with formalin (2.5%, 50 μL) or saline into the hind paw or upper lip and the number of flinches or facial grooming time, respectively, were evaluated. Likewise, on day 3 after intraoral mucosa incision, the animals were exposed to LAV EO and facial mechanical, and heat hyperalgesia were assessed. The influence of LAV EO inhalation on anxiety-like behavior was assessed in operated rats by testing them on the open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM). Results LAV EO reduced the phase II of the paw formalin test and both phases of the orofacial formalin test. On day three post-incision, LAV EO reduced heat and mechanical hyperalgesia, from 30 minutes up to three hours, and reduced the anxiety-like behavior in operated rats without causing locomotor deficit. Conclusion LAV EO inhalation results in antinociceptive and anxiolytic-like effects in orofacial pain models, which encourages further studies on LAV EO indications and effectiveness on orofacial pain conditions.

Effectiveness of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of degenerative diseases of the temporomandibular joint: literature review / Efectividad del ácido hialurónico en el tratamiento de enfermedades degenerativas de la articulación temporomandibular: revisión de literatura

Objetive: The degenerative diseases of the tempo-romandibular joint (TMJ) are characterized by a progressive destruction of the articular tissues of the condyle and the glenoid fossa. The main aim of this review is to describe the effectiveness of the hyaluronic acid (HA) in the treatment of degenerative diseases of the TMJ in accordance with the available scientific evidence. Material and Methods: A literature search was made in the following databases EBSCO, Pubmed, Cochraneand Trip Database, using the keywords hyaluronic, hyaluronan, NaH, hyaluronate, TMJ, TMD, CMD, craniomandibular, orofacial pain and temporomandibular. There were no date or language restrictions applied. Results: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 studies were included in this review (11 randomized controlled clinical trials and 3 non-randomized clinical trials). Conclusion: The studies reported a decrease in pain and improvement in functional parameters after treatment of TMJ osteoarthritis with HA . The use of arthrocentesis associated with the administration of HA provides effects synergistic, reaching a superiority the protocols with multiple injections with respect to those of a single session. The adverse effects related to the injection of HA with or without associated arthrocentesis were minor and transitory.

Resumen: Objetivo: Las enfermedades degenerativas de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) se caracterizan por una destrucción progresiva de tejidos articulares en el cóndilo y la fosa glenoidea. El objetivo principal de esta revisión es describir la efectividad del uso de ácido hialurónico en el tratamiento de enfermedades degenerativas de la articulación temporomandibular de acuerdo con la evidencia científica disponible. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos electrónicas EBSCO, PubMed, Cochrane y Trip Database, utilizando las palabras claves hyaluronic, hyaluronan, NaH, hyaluronate, tmj, tmd, cmd, craniomandibular, orofacial pain y temporomandibular, sin límite de fecha ni de idioma hasta Mayo del año 2020, complementada con una búsqueda retrógrada. Resultados: Con base en los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, 14 estudios fueron incluidos en esta revisión (11 ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados y 3 ensayos clínicos controlados no aleatorizados). Conclusión: Los estudios reportaron una disminución del dolor y mejora en los parámetros funcionales luego del tratamiento de osteoartritis de la ATM con AH. El uso de artrocentesis asociada a la administración del AH provee efectos sinérgicos, alcanzando una superioridad los protocolos con múltiples inyecciones con respecto a aquellos de una sola sesión. Los efectos adversos relacionados con la inyección de AH con o sin artrocentesis asociada fueron menores y transitorios.

Odontogenic Maxillofacial Infections in a High-level Hospital: Orofacial Pain and Related Conditions

ABSTRACT Objective: Odontogenic infection is a common condition in America; the aim of this research was to determine the profile of odontogenic maxillofacial infections and to identify the link between these and the pain felt by patients admitted to the emergency dental service of the Hernân Henriquez Aravena Hospital in Temuco, Chile. Methods: A cross-sectional, double-blind study analysed 49 individuals admitted for emergency dental care. Included were admissions associated with odontogenic infection identified by clinical examination, establishing a relation to pain through a survey. The diagnosis was made clinically using the fascial spaces involved in the infection, presence of self-medication prior to admission, need for surgical treatment and the patient 's systemic conditions. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-squared, ANOVA, considering a value of p < 0.05 as significant. Results: The average pain level measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) in emergency admission was 8.1. There was no association between the diagnosis (pulp infection, periodontal infection or pericoronitis) and the VAS (p = 0.078), but there was association between age and the diagnosis (p = 0.022), and the VAS was associated with pain compared to other types of pathologies or traumas (p = 0.011). Conclusion: Odontogenic infection is frequent and linked to age and high-pain values. New public policies should be adopted based on these results. New studies are needed to assess new variables associated with these pathologies.

O uso da artroscopia para diagnóstico e tratamento dos distúrbios internos da articulação temporomandibular / The use of arthroscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of internal temporomandibular joint disorders

Os desarranjos internos da articulação temporomandibular (ATM) são disfunções frequentes associadas a importantes repercussões funcionais e dolorosas, como limitação de abertura bucal e ruídos articulares, que podem provocar prejuízos à qualidade de vida do ser humano. Possuem etiologia multifatorial e são mais frequentemente tratados conservadoramente através de fisioterapia, placas oclusais, psicoterapia, apoio farmacológico, apenas com o insucesso da terapia não cirúrgica é que as modalidades cirúrgicas são indicadas, em somente 2% a 5% dos casos. Dentre elas, a artroscopia se destaca como uma opção minimamente invasiva, com elevados índices de sucesso e baixas taxas de complicações, sendo um instrumento de alta sensibilidade que possibilita a visualização de diversas patologias intra-articulares, o diagnóstico e o tratamento desses distúrbios. Objetivo: revisar a literatura acerca das principais indicações da artroscopia no tratamento dos distúrbios internos da ATM, suas vantagens sobre as demais técnicas cirúrgicas e suas complicações. Considerações finais: a artroscopia é uma ferramenta eficiente e segura para o diagnóstico e o tratamento de diversos distúrbios internos da ATM em pacientes de diversas faixas etárias, destacando-se por seus altos índices de sucesso, menor tempo de internação e suas baixíssimas taxas de mortalidade.(AU)

Internal temporomandibular joint (TMJ) derangements are frequent disorders associated with major functional and painful repercussions, such as limited mouth opening and joint noise, which may harm the quality of life of human beings. They have a multifactorial etiology and are most often treated conservatively through physiotherapy, occlusal plaques, psychotherapy, and pharmacological support. Surgical treatment is indicated only when non-surgical therapy fails, in 2% to 5% of cases. Among them, arthroscopy stands out as a minimally invasive option with high success rates and low complication rates, representing a highly sensitive instrument that allows visualizing several intra-articular pathologies, and diagnosing and treating these disorders. Objective: To review the literature on the main indications for arthroscopy in the treatment of internal TMJ disorders, its advantages over other surgical techniques, and its complications. Final considerations: arthroscopy is an efficient and safe tool for the diagnosis and treatment of various internal temporomandibular joint disorders in patients of different age groups, standing out for its high success rates, shorter hospital stay, and low mortality rates.(AU)